FFRDC = federally funded research and development center.

^a Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.

^b The data for 2022 are estimates and are likely to be revised later.

^c Includes expenditures of federal intramural R&D as well as costs associated with administering extramural R&D.

Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. Expenditure levels for higher education, federal government, and nonfederal government performers are calendar year approximations based on fiscal year data.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).

Science and Engineering Indicators