NA = not available.
CAGR = compound annual growth rate; GDP = gross domestic product; GERD = gross domestic expenditures on R&D; PPP = purchasing power parity.
The most recent year of GERD data for the United Kingdom was 2021. The most recent year of GERD data for Russia was 2020. Data for U.S. GERD differ slightly from the U.S. total R&D data tabulated elsewhere in this report. For better consistency with international standards, U.S. GERD includes federal capital funding for federal intramural and nonprofit R&D, in addition to what is reported as U.S. total R&D. Some data are preliminary and may be revised later. Foreign currencies are converted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to U.S. dollars using PPP. U.S. data have been adjusted for international comparability. For more information on GERD and GDP statistics across regions, countries, or economies, see Table SDISC-3.
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition); OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators, July 2024, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.
Science and Engineering Indicators