S&E master’s students paid for their graduate program using personal sources (Arbeit... These differences generally hold across all S&E fields. Other main sources... Federal support is discussed in the section “Federal Support for S&E

A greater percentage of doctorate recipients in non-S&E fields (50%) than in S&E fields (29%) reported graduate debt (NCSES SED 2017 : Table 38 ). Levels of debt also vary among S&E fields. For instance... S&E fields or S&E fields like psychology

Articles refer to publications from a selection of peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s

Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s

The countries or economies are ranked based on the 2020 total. Article counts refer to publications from conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journal articles in S&E and indexed in Scopus (see Technical Appendix for more details). Articles are classified by their year of publication and are

This figure excludes other federal agencies. S&E includes health

AI article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus that were classified as AI in the All Science Journal Classification. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to an institution on