The scale for NAEP mathematics assessment scores is 0–500 for grade 4 and grade 8. In 2024, NAEP introduced a comprehensive measure of SES, an SES index, comprised of three components: (1) the student’s economically disadvantaged status, (2) the percentage of students eligible for the National... NAEP = National Assessment of Educational Progress; SES = socioeconomic status.

Flikkema M. 2020. Why and When Do Firms Trademark? Bridging Perspectives from Industrial... Innovation and New Technology 25(2):114–42. Grossman G, Helpman E. 1991. Innovation and Growth... National Science Foundation. 2020. Higher Education in Science and Engineering. NSB-2019-7. Alexandria, VA. Available

AI article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus that were classified as AI in the All Science Journal Classification. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a country on

Semiconductor article counts refer to publications algorithmically fingerprinted under semiconductors from conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields in Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a country on the basis of the institutional

Data include the employed, civilian, non-institutionalized population ages 16–75 and exclude those currently enrolled in primary or secondary school. Occupations were selected based on the percentage of S&E, S&E-related, or STEM middle-skill workers that belong to the STW. Non-STEM occupations are... S&E = science and engineering; STEM = science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Where and to what extent have Americans encountered information about science? To what extent do they seek information about science? Are U.S. adults involved in any informal activities (i.e... Secondary STEM Education ” and “ Higher Education in Science and Engineering .”)

Higher Education in Science and Engineering”), fewer than 1,000 reported R&D expenditures... do institutions with medical schools.

S&E = science and engineering.... Data include the employed, civilian, non-institutionalized population ages 16–75. STEM middle-skill occupations are not included. Non-S&E occupations are not shown.

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of journals and conference proceedings in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of journals and conference proceedings in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of journals and conference proceedings in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed