Hispanics, and American Indians or Alaska Natives—are underrepresented in S&E. However, their total numbers in S&E occupations have increased. Foreign-born individuals account for a considerable... Workers employing S&E and technological expertise in their occupations experience better labor

S&E first university degrees, and China awards the most S&E doctorates, followed closely... S&E first university... United States. India and China have increased S&E degree production more

Table 39 ). A greater percentage of doctorate recipients in non-S&E fields (46%) reported graduate debt than those in S&E fields (26%) (NCSES SED 2020 : Table 38 and Table 39 ). Levels of debt also vary among S&E fields. For instance, a larger proportion of doctorate recipients in psychology

Indicators of labor market conditions (such as rates of unemployment and working involuntarily out of one’s degree field) and earnings provide meaningful information on economic rewards and the overall attractiveness of careers in S&E fields. This section suggests that labor market outcomes are