The data exclude metropolitan statistical areas where S&E proportions were suppressed. Larger metropolitan areas are broken into component metropolitan divisions. Ranking is based on the estimated number of workers in S&E occupations. Differences between any two areas may not be statistically

OA is open access. Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Open-access types are mutually exclusive. Gold OA denotes articles published in journals that are entirely OA as a matter of journal policy. Green OA

Scientists and engineers include those with one or more S&E or S&E-related degrees at the bachelor's level or higher or those who have only a non-S&E degree at the bachelor's level or higher and are employed in an S&E or S&E-related occupation. R&D activity refers to the share of workers reporting

Consistent with their large populations, India and China lead the world in awarding S&E first... S&E doctorates awarded (41,000 in 2018); however, China is closing... S&E doctorates, the largest proportion was awarded in physical and biological