Scientists and engineers include those with one or more S&E or S&E-related degrees at the bachelor's level or higher or those who have only a non-S&E degree at the bachelor's level or higher and are employed in an S&E or S&E-related occupation. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

The world’s three most populous countries award the highest numbers of S&E first university degrees... India awarded 2.5 million first university degrees in S&E in 2020, followed by China (2.0... S&E first university degree awards from 2011 to 2020. The United States had been

Consistent with their large populations, India and China lead the world in awarding S&E first... S&E doctorates awarded (41,000 in 2018); however, China is closing... S&E doctorates, the largest proportion was awarded in physical and biological

Scientists and engineers include those with one or more S&E or S&E-related degrees at the bachelor's level or higher or those who have only a non-S&E degree at the bachelor's level or higher and are employed in an S&E or S&E-related occupation. R&D activity refers to the share of workers reporting

OA is open access. Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Open-access types are mutually exclusive. Gold OA denotes articles published in journals that are entirely OA as a matter of journal policy. Green OA

The data exclude metropolitan statistical areas where S&E proportions were suppressed. Larger metropolitan areas are broken into component metropolitan divisions. Ranking is based on the estimated number of workers in S&E occupations. Differences between any two areas may not be statistically

See Science and Engineering Labor Force Technical Appendix for classification of S&E, S&E-related, and non-S&E degree fields.