Data are based on institutions eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Doctoral degree programs include research doctoral degree programs only, and do not include professional doctoral programs (e.g., Doctor of Medicine). Racial or ethnic breakouts include U.S. citizens

Foreign-born workers—ranging from long-term U.S. residents with strong roots in the United States to more recent immigrants—account for 30% of workers in S&E occupations. The number and proportion of the S&E workforce that are foreign born has grown. In many of the broad S&E occupational categories

S&E coursework at the undergraduate level prepares students, S&E degree earners and those who major in non-S&E fields, to become knowledgeable citizens in a society ever more reliant on science... S&E and non-S&E fields. According to the U.S. Department of Education

Pérez-Massot E, Arjó G, Zorrilla-López U, Masip G, Banakar R, Sanahuja G, Farré G, Miralpeix B, Bai C, Vamvaka E, Sabalza M, Twyman RM, Bassié L, Capell T, Christou P. 2013. Can the world afford... E, van Tongeren F. 2020. Efficiency and Risks in Global Value Chains in the Context of COVID-19

Unemployment rates among scientists and engineers tend to be lower than the rates for the labor force as a whole: an estimated 2.7% of scientists and engineers were unemployed compared to 4.9% of the entire U.S. labor force in February 2017 (Table 3-8). Workers in S&E occupations have historically

S&E fields and tend to enroll in these fields at higher levels than domestic

S&E bachelor’s degrees from HBCUs has remained roughly constant, likely reflecting the capacity of these institutions. Overall, across all institutions, numbers of S&E bachelor’s degrees earned by blacks are increasing (NCSES WMPD 2019 : Table 5-8 ). In 2016, S&E fields accounted for roughly