Science and engineering ( S&E ) fields : Degree award data cover degrees in the following S&E fields: astronomy, chemistry, physics, atmospheric sciences, earth... and engineering. At the doctoral level, the medical

Skilled technical workers are in occupations that employ significant levels of S&E expertise and technical knowledge and whose educational attainment is less than a bachelor's degree. Employment figures are for those aged 25 and older and do not include those employed in military occupations

The articles exclude editorials, errata, letters, and other material that do not present or discuss

do not typically present new scientific data, theories, methods, apparatuses

Cooperation Treaty (PCT), Madrid System, and Hague System. In cases where IP offices and countries do

Artificial intelligence (AI) : The ability of machines to learn and draw on prior experiences to accomplish new tasks, sometimes similar to what human beings can do (Manning 2020). Citizen science: Public participation in the scientific process in ways that can include forming research questions

do so. Those positive perceptions

doing so despite the fact that they know what would be considered

Most of the data presented in this report are from 2019 and, therefore, do

The ITC Trade Map also contains trade statistics for countries that do not report

Both formal R&D and informal activities like learning-by-doing produce new knowledge. Knowledge transfer encompasses the many activities whereby newly created knowledge is shared with those who can apply it, develop it, or transform it into new outputs, inventions, and innovations. That knowledge