Artificial intelligence: The ability of machines to learn and draw on prior experiences to accomplish new tasks, sometimes similar to what human beings can do (Manning 2020). Citizen science: Public participation in the scientific process in ways that can include forming research questions

The articles exclude editorials, commentaries, errata, letters, and other material that do

do in various subject areas. After examining eighth grade performance in 2017 and over

This report provides an analytical overview of the U.S. S&E labor force. Although a variety of data... Bureau of Labor Statistics to analyze the S&E workforce at all education levels, including... S&E workforce as well as career pathways from education to employment. Employment sector

do not present or discuss scientific data, theories, methods, apparatuses

do not credit the value to countries that provided intermediate goods to produce

do not present or discuss scientific data, theories, methods

In addition to providing scale scores, the main NAEP also reports student performance in terms of achievement levels. The assessment’s three achievement levels—NAEP Basic, NAEP Proficient, and NAEP Advanced—are measures of what students should know and be able to do at each grade level. Unlike NAEP

Figure INV-14). Thus, the data described in preceding sections do

do research at least once a week. It was less common for students to use computers for other