Scientists and engineers include those with one or more S&E or S&E-related degrees at the bachelor's level or higher and those who have only a non-S&E degree at the bachelor's level or higher and are employed in an S&E or S&E-related occupation. Detail may not add to total because of rounding

Article counts refer to publications from selected journals and conference papers in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of author(s) listed in the article. Articles are... e West Bank and Gaza Strip are separate entities

Percentages are based on all respondents, including those who did not report sex. Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. In 2023, 0.1% of geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences degree recipients did not report sex. The survey data collection for field of study changed in 2021, which

Article counts refer to publications from selected journals and conference papers in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of author(s) listed in the article. Articles are... e West Bank and Gaza Strip are separate entities in this list

S&E-related fields for 1995. Data for American Indians or Alaska Natives are suppressed