Indicators thematic reports. E stimated e ffects on research The pandemic shut... do not yet provide information on the impact... COVID-19 on academic R&D; additional impacts on S&E higher education, publication patterns

Article counts for computing the index refer to publications from a selection of journals and conference proceedings in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author

Do Firms Invest in Research? Working Paper 23187. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic... Why and When Do Firms Trademark? Bridging Perspectives from Industrial Organization, Innovation... Accessed June 2023. Grossman G, Helpman E. 1991. Innovation

STEM, which includes science and engineering (S&E) occupations, S&E-related occupations... do not require a bachelor’s degree for entry

Data in this table include all U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients; temporary visa holders are excluded. American Indian or Alaska Native doctorate recipients with unknown or refused citizenship status are counted as U.S. citizens and thus are included. Data in this table