Notes
1 To calculate these values, the Consumer Index Price (CPI) of 214.537 was used for 2009 and CPI of 251.107 for 2018 (for CPI data, see https://www.bls.gov/cpi/tables/supplemental-files/home.htm).
2 Median cumulative debt excludes doctorate recipients with no debt. Median expected annual salary corresponds to debt-holding doctorate recipients who reported definite employment commitments (which excludes postdoctoral study) in the United States.