Trends in U.S. R&D Performance
U.S. R&D is performed and funded by businesses, governments, higher education, and nonprofit organizations. R&D performance refers to who conducts R&D, whether it is funded from internal funds or external financial sources (e.g., contracts, grants). From the perspective of R&D funding, funds may be devoted to own R&D or to pay for R&D in other sectors or organizations (private R&D services suppliers, academic or nonprofit grantees) (OECD 2015:126). Academic R&D is covered only briefly in this report given that the Indicators 2024 report “Academic Research and Development” provides comprehensive information for this sector.
U.S. Total R&D and R&D Intensity
U.S. Total R&D
In 2022, the United States performed an estimated $885.6 billion in R&D in current (nominal) U.S. dollars (Figure RD-1, Figure RD-2; Table RD-1), based on National Patterns statistics (Anderson 2024; NCSES 2024). This is an increase of 12% from 2021 but only of 5% in constant (inflation-adjusted) 2017 U.S. dollars.
U.S. R&D, by performing sector: 1953–2022
Year | U.S. total R&D | Business | Federal government | Nonfederal government | Higher education | Nonprofit organizations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1953 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 1.1 | NA | 0.3 | 0.1 |
1954 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 1.1 | NA | 0.3 | 0.1 |
1955 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 1.3 | NA | 0.3 | 0.1 |
1956 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 1.7 | NA | 0.4 | 0.1 |
1957 | 9.9 | 7.3 | 2.0 | NA | 0.4 | 0.2 |
1958 | 10.9 | 8.1 | 2.2 | NA | 0.5 | 0.2 |
1959 | 12.5 | 9.2 | 2.5 | NA | 0.6 | 0.2 |
1960 | 13.7 | 10.0 | 2.7 | NA | 0.7 | 0.3 |
1961 | 14.6 | 10.4 | 3.1 | NA | 0.8 | 0.3 |
1962 | 15.6 | 11.0 | 3.2 | NA | 1.0 | 0.4 |
1963 | 17.5 | 12.2 | 3.7 | NA | 1.2 | 0.4 |
1964 | 19.1 | 13.0 | 4.3 | NA | 1.4 | 0.4 |
1965 | 20.3 | 13.8 | 4.4 | NA | 1.6 | 0.5 |
1966 | 22.1 | 15.2 | 4.5 | NA | 1.8 | 0.5 |
1967 | 23.3 | 16.0 | 4.8 | NA | 2.0 | 0.6 |
1968 | 24.7 | 17.0 | 4.9 | NA | 2.2 | 0.6 |
1969 | 26.0 | 17.8 | 5.2 | NA | 2.3 | 0.6 |
1970 | 26.3 | 17.6 | 5.6 | NA | 2.4 | 0.7 |
1971 | 27.0 | 17.8 | 5.8 | NA | 2.6 | 0.7 |
1972 | 28.7 | 19.0 | 6.2 | NA | 2.8 | 0.8 |
1973 | 31.0 | 20.7 | 6.4 | NA | 3.0 | 0.9 |
1974 | 33.4 | 22.2 | 6.9 | NA | 3.2 | 1.0 |
1975 | 35.7 | 23.5 | 7.6 | NA | 3.6 | 1.1 |
1976 | 39.4 | 26.1 | 8.3 | NA | 3.9 | 1.1 |
1977 | 43.3 | 28.9 | 8.9 | NA | 4.3 | 1.2 |
1978 | 48.7 | 32.2 | 10.1 | NA | 5.0 | 1.4 |
1979 | 55.4 | 37.1 | 11.0 | NA | 5.7 | 1.6 |
1980 | 63.2 | 43.2 | 11.9 | NA | 6.5 | 1.7 |
1981 | 72.3 | 50.4 | 13.0 | NA | 7.1 | 1.8 |
1982 | 80.7 | 57.2 | 14.1 | NA | 7.6 | 1.9 |
1983 | 89.9 | 63.7 | 15.8 | NA | 8.3 | 2.2 |
1984 | 102.2 | 73.1 | 17.5 | NA | 9.2 | 2.5 |
1985 | 114.7 | 82.4 | 19.2 | NA | 10.3 | 2.8 |
1986 | 120.2 | 85.9 | 19.9 | NA | 11.5 | 2.9 |
1987 | 126.4 | 90.2 | 20.4 | NA | 12.8 | 3.0 |
1988 | 133.9 | 94.9 | 21.6 | NA | 14.2 | 3.2 |
1989 | 141.9 | 99.9 | 22.7 | NA | 15.6 | 3.7 |
1990 | 152.0 | 107.4 | 23.5 | NA | 16.9 | 4.1 |
1991 | 160.9 | 114.7 | 23.3 | NA | 18.2 | 4.7 |
1992 | 165.4 | 116.8 | 24.2 | NA | 19.4 | 5.0 |
1993 | 165.7 | 115.4 | 24.5 | NA | 20.5 | 5.3 |
1994 | 169.2 | 117.4 | 24.6 | NA | 21.6 | 5.6 |
1995 | 183.6 | 129.8 | 25.4 | NA | 22.6 | 5.8 |
1996 | 197.3 | 142.4 | 25.0 | NA | 23.7 | 6.2 |
1997 | 211.9 | 155.4 | 25.2 | NA | 24.6 | 6.6 |
1998 | 225.8 | 167.1 | 25.8 | NA | 25.6 | 7.2 |
1999 | 244.5 | 182.1 | 26.8 | NA | 27.5 | 8.0 |
2000 | 267.9 | 200.0 | 28.5 | NA | 29.9 | 9.6 |
2001 | 278.5 | 202.0 | 32.8 | NA | 32.7 | 11.0 |
2002 | 277.9 | 193.9 | 35.5 | NA | 36.7 | 11.9 |
2003 | 291.4 | 200.7 | 37.2 | NA | 40.6 | 12.8 |
2004 | 302.7 | 208.3 | 37.7 | NA | 43.3 | 13.4 |
2005 | 325.3 | 226.2 | 39.6 | NA | 45.5 | 14.1 |
2006 | 350.9 | 247.7 | 41.6 | 0.3 | 47.4 | 14.0 |
2007 | 377.9 | 269.3 | 44.1 | 0.4 | 49.4 | 14.7 |
2008 | 404.8 | 290.7 | 45.6 | 0.5 | 52.1 | 15.9 |
2009 | 402.9 | 282.4 | 47.6 | 0.6 | 54.9 | 17.5 |
2010 | 406.6 | 279.0 | 50.8 | 0.7 | 58.1 | 18.0 |
2011 | 426.2 | 294.1 | 53.5 | 0.7 | 60.1 | 17.8 |
2012 | 433.7 | 302.3 | 52.1 | 0.7 | 60.9 | 17.8 |
2013 | 454.2 | 322.5 | 51.1 | 0.6 | 61.5 | 18.5 |
2014 | 475.9 | 340.7 | 52.7 | 0.6 | 62.3 | 19.6 |
2015 | 494.5 | 355.8 | 52.8 | 0.6 | 64.6 | 20.6 |
2016 | 521.7 | 379.5 | 51.2 | 0.6 | 67.8 | 22.6 |
2017 | 553.6 | 405.8 | 52.6 | 0.6 | 71.1 | 23.5 |
2018 | 604.0 | 445.6 | 58.4 | 0.6 | 74.9 | 24.6 |
2019 | 665.6 | 498.2 | 62.8 | 0.7 | 78.2 | 25.7 |
2020 | 716.9 | 543.2 | 65.1 | 0.7 | 80.8 | 27.1 |
2021 | 789.1 | 608.6 | 66.8 | 0.7 | 85.8 | 27.2 |
2022 | 885.6 | 692.7 | 73.3 | 0.7 | 91.5 | 27.3 |
Note(s):
Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later. The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to be revised later. Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers. Nonfederal government R&D performance is that of state governments (data in this series were not available prior to 2006). For more information, see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Source(s):
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Science and Engineering Indicators
U.S. R&D, by source of funds: 1953–2022
Year | U.S. total R&D | Business | Federal government | Higher education | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1953 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
1954 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
1955 | 6.2 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
1956 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
1957 | 9.9 | 3.5 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1958 | 10.9 | 3.7 | 7.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1959 | 12.5 | 4.1 | 8.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1960 | 13.7 | 4.5 | 8.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1961 | 14.6 | 4.8 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1962 | 15.6 | 5.1 | 10.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
1963 | 17.5 | 5.5 | 11.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
1964 | 19.1 | 5.9 | 12.8 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
1965 | 20.3 | 6.5 | 13.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
1966 | 22.1 | 7.3 | 14.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
1967 | 23.3 | 8.1 | 14.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
1968 | 24.7 | 9.0 | 15.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
1969 | 26.0 | 10.0 | 15.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
1970 | 26.3 | 10.4 | 15.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
1971 | 27.0 | 10.8 | 15.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
1972 | 28.7 | 11.7 | 16.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
1973 | 31.0 | 13.3 | 16.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
1974 | 33.4 | 14.9 | 17.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
1975 | 35.7 | 15.8 | 18.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
1976 | 39.4 | 17.7 | 20.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
1977 | 43.3 | 19.6 | 22.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
1978 | 48.7 | 22.5 | 24.4 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
1979 | 55.4 | 26.1 | 27.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
1980 | 63.2 | 30.9 | 30.0 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
1981 | 72.3 | 35.9 | 33.7 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
1982 | 80.7 | 40.7 | 37.1 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
1983 | 89.9 | 45.3 | 41.5 | 1.4 | 1.9 |
1984 | 102.2 | 52.2 | 46.5 | 1.5 | 2.1 |
1985 | 114.7 | 58.0 | 52.6 | 1.7 | 2.3 |
1986 | 120.2 | 61.0 | 54.6 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
1987 | 126.4 | 62.6 | 58.6 | 2.3 | 2.9 |
1988 | 133.9 | 68.0 | 60.1 | 2.5 | 3.2 |
1989 | 141.9 | 75.0 | 60.5 | 2.9 | 3.6 |
1990 | 152.0 | 83.2 | 61.6 | 3.2 | 4.0 |
1991 | 160.9 | 92.3 | 60.8 | 3.5 | 4.3 |
1992 | 165.4 | 96.2 | 60.9 | 3.6 | 4.6 |
1993 | 165.7 | 96.5 | 60.5 | 3.7 | 4.9 |
1994 | 169.2 | 99.2 | 60.8 | 3.9 | 5.3 |
1995 | 183.6 | 110.9 | 63.0 | 4.1 | 5.7 |
1996 | 197.3 | 123.4 | 63.4 | 4.4 | 6.1 |
1997 | 211.9 | 136.2 | 64.4 | 4.9 | 6.5 |
1998 | 225.8 | 147.8 | 65.9 | 5.2 | 6.9 |
1999 | 244.5 | 164.5 | 66.8 | 5.7 | 7.4 |
2000 | 267.9 | 186.0 | 67.2 | 6.3 | 8.5 |
2001 | 278.5 | 188.4 | 73.8 | 6.9 | 9.5 |
2002 | 277.9 | 180.7 | 78.9 | 7.7 | 10.7 |
2003 | 291.4 | 186.2 | 85.1 | 8.3 | 11.8 |
2004 | 302.7 | 191.3 | 90.8 | 8.6 | 12.0 |
2005 | 325.3 | 207.8 | 95.4 | 9.4 | 12.7 |
2006 | 350.9 | 227.2 | 99.9 | 10.2 | 13.6 |
2007 | 377.9 | 246.8 | 105.1 | 10.9 | 15.0 |
2008 | 404.8 | 258.0 | 117.6 | 11.7 | 17.4 |
2009 | 402.9 | 246.6 | 125.8 | 12.1 | 18.5 |
2010 | 406.6 | 248.1 | 126.6 | 12.3 | 19.6 |
2011 | 426.2 | 266.4 | 127.0 | 13.1 | 19.7 |
2012 | 433.7 | 275.7 | 123.8 | 14.3 | 19.9 |
2013 | 454.2 | 297.2 | 120.1 | 15.3 | 21.6 |
2014 | 475.9 | 318.4 | 118.4 | 16.2 | 23.0 |
2015 | 494.5 | 333.2 | 119.5 | 17.3 | 24.4 |
2016 | 521.7 | 360.3 | 118.2 | 18.7 | 24.5 |
2017 | 553.6 | 386.5 | 122.5 | 19.9 | 24.7 |
2018 | 604.0 | 426.5 | 131.1 | 21.0 | 25.5 |
2019 | 665.6 | 482.2 | 135.8 | 21.9 | 25.7 |
2020 | 716.9 | 520.4 | 148.2 | 22.6 | 25.8 |
2021 | 789.1 | 591.0 | 147.5 | 23.8 | 26.7 |
2022 | 885.6 | 672.9 | 159.8 | 25.5 | 27.3 |
Note(s):
Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later. The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to later be revised. Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers. R&D funding listed as Other combines data from nonfederal governments (state and local) and nonprofit organizations. For more information, see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Patterns of R&D Resources (2020–21 edition).
Source(s):
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Science and Engineering Indicators
U.S. R&D expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 2010–22
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center.
a Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later.
b The data for 2022 are estimates and are likely to be revised later.
c Includes expenditures of federal intramural R&D as well as costs associated with administering extramural R&D.
Note(s):
Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. Expenditure levels for higher education, federal government, and nonfederal government performers are calendar year approximations based on fiscal year data.
Source(s):
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Science and Engineering Indicators
U.S. R&D performance has been on a long-term growth trajectory since the post–World War II era, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4% since 1953 in constant dollars (NCSES 2024, Table 1). The top three U.S. R&D-performing sectors are business, higher education, and the federal government (Figure RD-3), with business being the largest-performing sector by far, with a 78% share in 2022. The higher education sector has been the second-largest performer since 2002, remaining slightly ahead of the federal government sector since then. On the other hand, the federal government and business sectors have funded a combined share of over 90% of U.S. R&D since the 1950s, trading first and second place in 1980 when the business sector surpassed the federal government as the largest funder (Figure RD-4).
U.S. R&D expenditures, shares by performing sector: 1953–2022
Year | Business | Federal government | Higher education | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|
1953 | 70.3 | 22.2 | 5.3 | 2.2 |
1954 | 72.4 | 20.1 | 5.4 | 2.2 |
1955 | 71.5 | 20.9 | 5.5 | 2.1 |
1956 | 73.8 | 19.9 | 4.6 | 1.7 |
1957 | 73.9 | 20.0 | 4.4 | 1.7 |
1958 | 73.9 | 19.8 | 4.5 | 1.8 |
1959 | 73.7 | 19.8 | 4.7 | 1.9 |
1960 | 73.2 | 19.8 | 5.1 | 1.9 |
1961 | 71.1 | 21.1 | 5.7 | 2.1 |
1962 | 70.6 | 20.7 | 6.3 | 2.3 |
1963 | 69.7 | 21.2 | 6.7 | 2.3 |
1964 | 68.3 | 22.3 | 7.2 | 2.2 |
1965 | 68.2 | 21.6 | 7.9 | 2.3 |
1966 | 68.8 | 20.5 | 8.2 | 2.4 |
1967 | 68.4 | 20.5 | 8.7 | 2.4 |
1968 | 69.0 | 19.7 | 8.9 | 2.4 |
1969 | 68.6 | 20.1 | 8.8 | 2.5 |
1970 | 67.0 | 21.3 | 9.2 | 2.6 |
1971 | 66.2 | 21.7 | 9.5 | 2.6 |
1972 | 66.1 | 21.6 | 9.6 | 2.7 |
1973 | 66.9 | 20.7 | 9.5 | 2.8 |
1974 | 66.7 | 20.7 | 9.6 | 3.0 |
1975 | 65.8 | 21.3 | 10.0 | 3.0 |
1976 | 66.2 | 21.0 | 9.9 | 2.9 |
1977 | 66.6 | 20.6 | 10.0 | 2.8 |
1978 | 66.1 | 20.8 | 10.3 | 2.8 |
1979 | 66.9 | 19.9 | 10.3 | 2.8 |
1980 | 68.4 | 18.8 | 10.2 | 2.6 |
1981 | 69.8 | 18.0 | 9.8 | 2.5 |
1982 | 70.8 | 17.4 | 9.4 | 2.4 |
1983 | 70.8 | 17.6 | 9.2 | 2.4 |
1984 | 71.5 | 17.1 | 9.0 | 2.5 |
1985 | 71.8 | 16.8 | 9.0 | 2.4 |
1986 | 71.5 | 16.6 | 9.6 | 2.4 |
1987 | 71.4 | 16.1 | 10.1 | 2.4 |
1988 | 70.9 | 16.1 | 10.6 | 2.4 |
1989 | 70.4 | 16.0 | 11.0 | 2.6 |
1990 | 70.7 | 15.5 | 11.1 | 2.7 |
1991 | 71.3 | 14.5 | 11.3 | 2.9 |
1992 | 70.6 | 14.6 | 11.7 | 3.0 |
1993 | 69.7 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 3.2 |
1994 | 69.4 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 3.3 |
1995 | 70.7 | 13.8 | 12.3 | 3.2 |
1996 | 72.1 | 12.7 | 12.0 | 3.1 |
1997 | 73.3 | 11.9 | 11.6 | 3.1 |
1998 | 74.0 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 3.2 |
1999 | 74.5 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 3.3 |
2000 | 74.6 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 3.6 |
2001 | 72.5 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 3.9 |
2002 | 69.8 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 4.3 |
2003 | 68.9 | 12.8 | 13.9 | 4.4 |
2004 | 68.8 | 12.4 | 14.3 | 4.4 |
2005 | 69.5 | 12.2 | 14.0 | 4.3 |
2006 | 70.6 | 11.9 | 13.5 | 4.1 |
2007 | 71.3 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 4.0 |
2008 | 71.8 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 4.1 |
2009 | 70.1 | 11.8 | 13.6 | 4.5 |
2010 | 68.6 | 12.5 | 14.3 | 4.6 |
2011 | 69.0 | 12.6 | 14.1 | 4.3 |
2012 | 69.7 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 4.2 |
2013 | 71.0 | 11.2 | 13.5 | 4.2 |
2014 | 71.6 | 11.1 | 13.1 | 4.2 |
2015 | 72.0 | 10.7 | 13.1 | 4.3 |
2016 | 72.8 | 9.8 | 13.0 | 4.4 |
2017 | 73.3 | 9.5 | 12.8 | 4.4 |
2018 | 73.8 | 9.7 | 12.4 | 4.2 |
2019 | 74.9 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 4.0 |
2020 | 75.8 | 9.1 | 11.3 | 3.9 |
2021 | 77.1 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 3.5 |
2022 | 78.2 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 3.2 |
Note(s):
Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later. The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to later be revised. Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers. R&D funding listed as Other combines data from nonfederal governments (state and local) and nonprofit organizations. For more information, see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Source(s):
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Science and Engineering Indicators
U.S. R&D expenditures, shares by funding sector: 1953–2022
Year | Business | Federal government | Higher education | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|
1953 | 43.5 | 53.9 | 0.7 | 1.8 |
1954 | 42.2 | 55.2 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
1955 | 40.8 | 56.7 | 0.7 | 1.8 |
1956 | 39.4 | 58.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
1957 | 35.0 | 62.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
1958 | 34.0 | 63.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
1959 | 32.5 | 65.4 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
1960 | 32.9 | 65.0 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
1961 | 32.7 | 65.1 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
1962 | 32.8 | 64.8 | 0.5 | 1.9 |
1963 | 31.1 | 66.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
1964 | 30.8 | 66.8 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
1965 | 32.3 | 65.1 | 0.7 | 1.8 |
1966 | 33.2 | 64.2 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
1967 | 34.9 | 62.4 | 0.9 | 1.9 |
1968 | 36.5 | 60.7 | 0.9 | 1.9 |
1969 | 38.5 | 58.6 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
1970 | 39.8 | 57.0 | 1.0 | 2.2 |
1971 | 40.2 | 56.4 | 1.1 | 2.3 |
1972 | 40.8 | 55.8 | 1.1 | 2.3 |
1973 | 43.0 | 53.6 | 1.1 | 2.3 |
1974 | 44.6 | 51.8 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
1975 | 44.4 | 52.0 | 1.2 | 2.5 |
1976 | 44.9 | 51.5 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
1977 | 45.3 | 50.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 |
1978 | 46.1 | 50.1 | 1.4 | 2.4 |
1979 | 47.1 | 49.2 | 1.4 | 2.3 |
1980 | 48.9 | 47.4 | 1.5 | 2.2 |
1981 | 49.7 | 46.7 | 1.5 | 2.1 |
1982 | 50.4 | 46.0 | 1.5 | 2.1 |
1983 | 50.3 | 46.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 |
1984 | 51.0 | 45.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
1985 | 50.5 | 45.9 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
1986 | 50.7 | 45.4 | 1.7 | 2.2 |
1987 | 49.5 | 46.4 | 1.8 | 2.3 |
1988 | 50.8 | 44.9 | 1.9 | 2.4 |
1989 | 52.8 | 42.6 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
1990 | 54.7 | 40.5 | 2.1 | 2.6 |
1991 | 57.4 | 37.8 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
1992 | 58.2 | 36.8 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
1993 | 58.3 | 36.5 | 2.2 | 3.0 |
1994 | 58.6 | 35.9 | 2.3 | 3.1 |
1995 | 60.4 | 34.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 |
1996 | 62.5 | 32.1 | 2.2 | 3.1 |
1997 | 64.3 | 30.4 | 2.3 | 3.1 |
1998 | 65.5 | 29.2 | 2.3 | 3.0 |
1999 | 67.3 | 27.3 | 2.3 | 3.0 |
2000 | 69.4 | 25.1 | 2.3 | 3.2 |
2001 | 67.6 | 26.5 | 2.5 | 3.4 |
2002 | 65.0 | 28.4 | 2.8 | 3.8 |
2003 | 63.9 | 29.2 | 2.8 | 4.0 |
2004 | 63.2 | 30.0 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
2005 | 63.9 | 29.3 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
2006 | 64.7 | 28.5 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
2007 | 65.3 | 27.8 | 2.9 | 4.0 |
2008 | 63.7 | 29.1 | 2.9 | 4.3 |
2009 | 61.2 | 31.2 | 3.0 | 4.6 |
2010 | 61.0 | 31.1 | 3.0 | 4.8 |
2011 | 62.5 | 29.8 | 3.1 | 4.6 |
2012 | 63.6 | 28.6 | 3.3 | 4.6 |
2013 | 65.4 | 26.4 | 3.4 | 4.7 |
2014 | 66.9 | 24.9 | 3.4 | 4.8 |
2015 | 67.4 | 24.2 | 3.5 | 4.9 |
2016 | 69.1 | 22.7 | 3.6 | 4.7 |
2017 | 69.8 | 22.1 | 3.6 | 4.5 |
2018 | 70.6 | 21.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 |
2019 | 72.5 | 20.4 | 3.3 | 3.9 |
2020 | 72.6 | 20.7 | 3.1 | 3.6 |
2021 | 74.9 | 18.7 | 3.0 | 3.4 |
2022 | 76.0 | 18.0 | 2.9 | 3.1 |
Note(s):
Some data for 2021 are preliminary and may be revised later. The data for 2022 include estimates and are likely to later be revised. Federal performers of R&D include federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers. R&D funding listed as Other combines data from nonfederal governments (state and local) and nonprofit organizations. For more information, see Table 2 and Table 6 of National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Source(s):
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2021–22 edition).
Science and Engineering Indicators