1For more details on doctorate recipients who are temporary visa holders, see the Special Focus section.

2For details on the number of doctorate recipients by field, please see detailed table 12.

3Regarding the decline in the field of education, see details in the “Time series data changes” in the section Data Source.

4For details on the number of doctorate recipients by field, see detailed table 12.

5For more details, see detailed table 17.

6For more details, see detailed table 19.

7For more details, see detailed table 15.

8In the United States, educational attainment has risen over time (see https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/educational-attainment/cps-historical-time-series.html, accessed 30 June 2021).

9For a detailed discussion on other aspects of education-related debt, see National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). 2020. Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2018, Education-Related Debt. NSF 20-301. Available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf20301/report.

10For more data on the primary sources of financial support of doctorate recipients by field, see related figure 16 in this report and detailed table 35.

11Industry or business includes all nonacademic sectors, including self-employment, private for-profit and private nonprofit, and government.

12For more details, see detailed table 18.

13In 2020, 95% of doctorate recipients who reported citizenship status responded to the question on postgraduation commitments (95% of U.S. citizens and permanent residents and 94% of temporary visa holders). See detailed table 43.

14For more details, see detailed table 43.

15For detailed data on underrepresented minorities, see National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). 2020. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2020. NSF 19-304. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.

16For more details on these declines, see detailed table 13.