Purpose. The Survey of State Government Research and Development (R&D) is the only source for comprehensive uniform statistics regarding the extent of R&D activity performed and funded by departments and agencies in each of the nation’s 50 state governments, the government of the District of Columbia, and the government of Puerto Rico.

Data collection authority. The information is solicited under the National Science Foundation (NSF) Act of 1950, as amended; the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010; and Title 13, U.S. Code, § 8(b). It is collected under Office of Management and Budget control number 0607-0933, expiration date 30 June 2026. The disclosure review number is NCSES-DRN24-047.

Survey contractor. The Census Bureau, under NSF interagency agreement, collected, processed, and tabulated the statistics in this report.

Survey sponsor. The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within NSF.

Frequency. Annual.

Initial survey year. FY 2006.

Reference period. State government fiscal year ending in 2023.

Response unit. State government departments, agencies, commissions, public authorities, institutions, and other entities that operate separately or somewhat autonomously from the central state government—but where the state government maintains administrative or fiscal control over their activities—with the capacity to perform or fund R&D; units are collectively referred to as agencies.

Sample or census. Census.

Population size. The population comprised 589 agencies from the 50 U.S. state governments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico with the capacity to perform or fund R&D during FY 2023. Agencies that reported $0 R&D in the last three survey cycles were marked as inactive for this survey cycle to reduce respondent burden and will be reactivated in two years.

Sample size. Not applicable.

Target population. State government departments, agencies, commissions, public authorities, institutions, and other entities that operate separately or somewhat autonomously from the central state government but where the state government maintains administrative or fiscal control over their activities, as defined by the Census Bureau’s Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual (see chapter 1), and that funded or performed R&D for state government FY 2023. Several industry-specific state commissions, which are generally chartered by state legislatures but are administered independently, are considered state agencies and are included in the survey’s population. State-run colleges and universities, which are canvassed as part of the NCSES Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey, are excluded from the survey frame. State-run laboratories or experiment stations controlled by state universities are also excluded from the respondent universe, as are any entities determined to be nonprofit or private, as defined by the Census Bureau government classification criteria. However, because agricultural experiment stations in Connecticut are legally organized as a state government-dependent agency and because they are not affiliated with any university system, they are included in the survey’s population.

Sampling frame. The total universe includes all state government-dependent units, including those for the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with the capacity to perform and fund R&D, identified with the aid of a state coordinator who is appointed by the governor of each state. For the FY 2023 survey, state coordinators were provided with a list of agencies that were previously identified from the FY 2022 survey cycle as having the potential to perform or fund R&D. In addition, these lists included agencies identified from a systematic review of state session laws and additional review by Census Bureau and NCSES staff of agencies reporting to the Census Bureau’s Census of Governments program. State coordinators were asked to review this list and add agencies that they believed were involved with R&D and were not already identified. State coordinators also adjusted the agency universe to remove agencies that have never had any qualifying R&D to report to NCSES, to add any agencies that were missing or could have R&D to report, to address organizational changes within their respective states since the previous survey, and to provide updated agency contact information.

Sample design. The Survey of State Government R&D is a census.

Data collection. For FY 2023, e-mails were sent to the chief of staff for all governors asking them to appoint a state coordinator. Census Bureau staff also reached out to prior state coordinators asking if they would be willing to continue to serve as the coordinators for the FY 2023 cycle. On a flow basis, state coordinators were sent a list of agencies and contacts that were surveyed for the FY 2022 Survey of State Government R&D and asked to add agencies that might have some R&D, remove agencies from the survey universe that no longer perform or fund R&D or have been reorganized, and update agency points of contact. Once the state coordinators completed updates to the list of active agencies to be surveyed, they then sent introductory e-mails to the agency respondents stating that respondents would be receiving an e-mail with instructions and the survey form to be completed and e-mailed back to the Census Bureau. The state coordinators sent the updated list of agencies and contacts back to the Census Bureau. After receiving the list of updated agencies, agencies identified as having the potential to perform or fund R&D were then e-mailed the survey form. Upon completion by all agencies within a state, the state coordinators were given their state agencies’ aggregate data to review before final analysis and dissemination.

Mode. State agencies were e-mailed a fillable Portable Document Format (PDF) form with auto summations and edits built in and were asked to complete the form. State coordinators were given a spreadsheet of potential state agencies and contact information to review and revise as necessary to add agencies to be surveyed, remove others from the survey as inactive, or make corrections to agency points of contact.

Response rates. Response rates were calculated for the FY 2023 Survey of State Government R&D and are available in table A-1.

All 50 U.S. state governments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico participated in the survey. A total of 40 of 52 coordinators updated their spreadsheet of potential state agencies. However, only 19 of 52 coordinators officially responded to verify the final aggregate data. For those agencies that did not have a coordinator appointed, final aggregate data files were sent to staff at NCSES for review. Some or all agencies submitted data in those states where the coordinator did not verify data officially. A coordinator was not appointed in Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Virginia.

Historically, NCSES has partnered with the Puerto Rico Institute of Statistics to collect information on R&D spending from Puerto Rico agencies. For FY 2023, the governor’s office appointed a coordinator within the Department of Economic Development and Commerce. The Puerto Rico coordinator identified additional agencies that were performing or funding R&D, including some that had split apart from other agencies. Responses were received from 15 of the 19 agencies in Puerto Rico that were sent the survey. One agency was later removed because its data was included in another agency’s response. Thus, the FY 2022 and FY 2023 data for Puerto Rico may not be directly comparable to each other.

The final agency response was 578 of 589 agencies (98.1%).

The following agencies did not respond to the survey and as a result may contribute to an undercount in the estimated public expenditures for R&D activities:

• Arkansas Department of Education
• Arkansas Livestock & Poultry Commission
• Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission
• Idaho Alfalfa and Clover Seed Commission
• Idaho Honey Commission
• Idaho Oilseed Commission
• Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources
• Ohio Veterans Services
• Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture
• Puerto Rico Cardiovascular Center of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean
• Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

Of the 578 agencies that responded, 396 (68.5%) reported having some R&D activity in FY 2023. Although the proportion of agencies reporting R&D activity was smaller in FY 2023 than FY 2022 (68.5% and 79.7%, respectively), the number of agencies reporting R&D activity was almost the same in both years (396 and 400, respectively). The number of agencies surveyed as potentially performing or funding R&D was greater in FY 2023 than in FY 2022 due to scheduled re-surveying of agencies that were previously inactive in R&D.

Data editing. Initial agency data submissions were received via fillable forms e-mailed to the Census Bureau analyst. Basic logical edit checks, review of respondent comments, and comparisons of data from previous surveys allowed Census Bureau and NCSES staff to detect data errors and work with respondents to correct them. Census Bureau and NCSES staff also conducted follow-up calls to agencies with major data changes in R&D between FY 2022 and FY 2023 to ensure the accuracy of the survey data. Major data changes are dependent on the state and type of agency. After all the agencies in a state submitted responses, a spreadsheet of aggregated agency data was sent to the coordinators. They were asked to perform a final verification of aggregated agency data.

Imputation. Data were imputed for three agencies for this cycle because they are known to have had reported R&D in previous survey cycles, while the remaining nonresponding agencies have traditionally reported $0 R&D in previous survey cycles. Idaho Oilseed Commission was imputed using the average of prior-year reporting patterns, and Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources was imputed using the ratio method of the state totals for R&D. Kentucky Horse Racing Commission was imputed using data from their annual report. The reported total for Midwest Dairy was broken out across the divisions in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota based on percentages each division contributed as per the organization’s annual financial report. All state and national totals are aggregates of reported agency data. Each state government’s organizational structure, laws, and delegation of powers within its purview are unique. No universally applied methods of imputation can be used across all state government agencies and still account for these structural differences. This is consistent with basic statistical methods used by the Census Bureau’s Census of Governments, Survey of State Government Finance. Therefore, R&D expenditures may be underestimated in states where agencies failed to respond. When imputation methods are needed, they are handled on an individual state-by-state basis.

Weighting. Not applicable.

Variance estimation. Not applicable.

Sampling error. Not applicable.

Coverage error. In addition to a Census Bureau review of state session laws to identify agencies with the capacity to fund R&D, NCSES utilizes the expertise of an appointed state coordinator to assist in identifying state government agencies that have the capacity to perform or fund R&D. State coordinators are also offered the opportunity to review survey responses from their respective state agencies before data are finalized for release. In cases where the state coordinator refused to cooperate or where some agencies failed to respond to the survey, it is possible there may be an undercount of state government R&D activities. The undercount may occur despite efforts by NCSES and Census Bureau staff to conduct additional queries and outreach with state agencies that did not appoint a state coordinator. In other instances, the appointed state coordinator could misinterpret the survey definition and examples of qualifying R&D activities and thus fail to identify all state government-dependent units with the capacity to perform or fund R&D. However, no measures of coverage error are produced.

Nonresponse error. Of the 589 agencies in the survey universe, 578 (98.1%) responded to the survey. Of the 578 respondents, 396 (68.5%) reported having R&D activities in FY 2023. A mathematical statistical method was used to impute two nonresponding agencies known to have R&D in the past, namely Idaho Oilseed Commission and Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources. Kentucky Horse Racing Commission was imputed using data from their annual report. No other imputation was used for the other nonresponding agencies because the other agencies historically have reported not having R&D. Nonresponse error is minimal.

Measurement error. The most common form of nonsampling error in the Survey of State Government R&D is in respondents’ interpretation of the survey definition of qualifying R&D activities. To mitigate any potential misinterpretations, several steps were taken. NCSES provided a series of examples specific to the types of activities performed or funded by state government agencies in the survey questionnaire’s definitions and examples. All responses, including the initial agency data submissions and final state coordinator verifications, were received via e-mail or phone. Census Bureau staff performed basic logical edit checks and reviewed respondent comments, allowing staff to detect errors and work with state respondents to correct them. Despite these efforts, some of the data reported could include expenditures for non-R&D activities, such as non-R&D salaries, commercialization, environmental testing, or routine survey or monitoring work. Similarly, some state data may also exclude minor R&D expenditure amounts from agencies not surveyed.

The population of state agencies with the potential to perform R&D varies from year to year because R&D is highly discretionary at the state level. In addition, state government R&D totals can display considerable volatility between survey cycles. For example, state agency expenditures are influenced by several national and state-specific factors, and large changes (either increases or decreases) are not unusual, especially for discretionary spending items, such as R&D. States often will create special funds to support specific research activities for a limited time. These funds may have a one-time appropriation from the legislature and expire within 2–5 fiscal years; state agencies obligate those funds for specific R&D projects, depending on availability and expiration of funding authority, as well as other program-specific and administrative considerations. Data reported are agency direct expenditures for R&D in a given fiscal year, not obligations. As such, in the case of multiyear grants to extramural performers, an agency’s expenditures for that fiscal year may be greater than its obligations because expenditures may include spending from the previous year’s appropriations, depending on the specific budget authority granted by the legislature. It is likely that some portion of the reported changes reflects measurement and coverage errors. In the case of R&D funds for extramural performers, some agencies were able to report only multiyear obligations rather than single-year expenditures.

The survey asked about state agencies’ expenditures for R&D at the end of FY 2023. Most states and Puerto Rico have a fiscal year that begins 1 July and ends the following 30 June. For example, FY 2023 is the state fiscal period beginning on 1 July 2022 and ending on 30 June 2023. There are, however, five exceptions to the 30 June fiscal year end: New York (ends 31 March); Texas (ends 31 August); and Alabama, the District of Columbia, and Michigan (all end 30 September). For comparability, all states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are surveyed at the same time.

A state’s R&D priorities may be shaped by the state’s unique legislative and budgeting processes. State budget practices vary considerably due to both political and historical reasons. Nineteen states enact biennial budgets. Of these states, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and Texas have both biennial legislative sessions and biennial budgets. The remaining 15 states of Connecticut, Hawaii, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming hold annual legislative sessions but maintain biennial budgeting. Only North Dakota and Wyoming enact consolidated 2-year budgets; other biennial budget states enact two annual budgets at one time. As such, the nature of a state’s budget priorities for R&D may be determined on a biennial basis in some states; in others, however, it may be determined on an annual basis. In states with biennial budgets, the legislatures will often make supplemental appropriations to the second-year budget, which may result in further changes to the initial funding priorities.

The data exclude R&D expenditures by state governments that did not flow through state agencies’ budgets. The state totals do not include direct appropriations from state legislatures to colleges and universities. Higher education institutions’ expenditures from state government appropriations are available from the NCSES HERD Survey. For FY 2023, state government agencies reported $1.2 billion in expenditures used to support R&D performance by academic institutions. A major factor for the difference between totals reported in the HERD Survey and the Survey of State Government R&D is that direct appropriations to state-run universities are included in the former but not in the latter. Another likely factor is the exclusion of R&D at agricultural experiment stations from the state survey totals because they are generally associated with land-grant colleges and universities and are canvassed on the HERD Survey.

Direct comparison of state agency expenditures should also be viewed with caution because state governments often reorganize departments and agencies such that some divisions and offices that were part of one agency may be moved to another agency. In other instances, entire departments may be reorganized into newly created departments. Although the FY 2023 Survey of State Government R&D encountered several instances of these organizational changes in several states, the survey itself is not designed to measure specific changes in state government organization. To account for these and other changes in the data between FY 2022 and FY 2023, staff from the Census Bureau and NCSES conducted follow-up calls for some agencies with major data changes, depending on the type of agency and state, to ensure the accuracy of the survey data.

Data specific to state government agencies were first released with the FY 2009 survey results and are also included in the FY 2023 data tables. Specific agency-level data for FY 2006 and FY 2007 are not available.

The current Survey of State Government R&D has been conducted for FY 2006, FY 2007, FY 2009, FYs 2010–11, FYs 2012–13, FYs 2014–15, FY 2016, FY 2017, FY 2018, FY 2019, FY 2020, FY 2021, FY 2022, and FY 2023. (No survey was conducted for state governments for FY 2008.) Data presented in trend tables in this report are from the most recently completed survey cycle. References to prior-year data should be restricted to those published in this report for two reasons: (1) when completing the current year’s survey, survey respondents may revise their prior year’s data, and (2) NCSES reviews data for prior years for consistency with current-year responses and, if necessary, may revise these data in consultation with respondents.

NCSES has collected state government R&D data for FY 1964, FY 1965, FY 1967, FY 1968, FY 1972, FY 1973, and FY 1977 in collaboration with the Census Bureau’s Census of Governments and related programs. For FY 1987, FY 1988, and FY 1995, data collections of state government R&D were conducted by nonfederal organizations that were supported by NSF grants. As a result of differences in the survey populations, in definitions of covered R&D activities, and in collection methods over time, the results of these historical surveys are not comparable with the statistics collected for the FY 2006 and subsequent Surveys of State Government R&D.

Changes in survey coverage and population. Each year, state coordinators update the universe of agencies most likely to have funded or performed R&D based on changes in funding authority, organization changes within the government, or other initiatives by the legislature. No survey was conducted for state governments for FY 2008. Beginning with the FY 2009 survey cycle, state coordinators were no longer able to overwrite the aggregate R&D data reported by state agencies to correct or modify the state total. Any changes or revisions were now required to be made at the state government agency level.

Changes in questionnaire.

• FY 2009. The FY 2009 questionnaire was the first to collect state government R&D activities by governmental functions of agriculture, environment and natural resources, health, transportation, and other.
• FYs 2010 and 2011. The survey was reorganized as a biennial survey and collected 2 fiscal years of data on one questionnaire. In addition, the energy category was added to the list of specific government functions of R&D.
• FYs 2012 and 2013. A minor change to the instructions in question 1 for extramural performers was made from “R&D done for your department/agency” to “R&D funded by your department/agency” to ensure that all R&D-related projects that the agency funds regardless of the end result (i.e., grants) were properly included.
• FYs 2014 and 2015. The survey was revised to collect additional details about R&D funding and performance to better align with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 2002 Frascati Manual, the most recent edition available at survey launch. These changes include source of funds for extramural R&D performance supported by federal funds, state funds, or other funds. For all federal funds received for both intramural and extramural R&D, respondents were asked how much was received from specific federal agencies. For intramural R&D performance, respondents were asked how much of federal, state, and other funding was classified as basic research, applied research, or experimental development.
• FY 2016. Survey reporting period changed from a biennial to annual survey. Questions remained the same with some minor additions to examples and wording changes. A remarks box was added for respondents to provide comments.
• FY 2017. The “other” category for “internal sources of R&D” was split into multiple categories: nonfederal government funds, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and higher education institutions.
• FY 2018. No changes were made.
• FY 2019. A question asking about the amount of time it takes to complete the survey was added for administrative purposes.
• FY 2020. Two new questions were added asking for the number of intramural R&D personnel and the number of full-time equivalent employees for researchers, technicians, and support staff. Data from these new questions are not available this year.
• FY 2021. The survey was restructured to group related questions together. For example, questions on expenditures for R&D performed internally by type of R&D, internal R&D employees, and internal full-time equivalent R&D personnel were moved to follow the internal R&D expenditures question. Similarly, questions on expenditures for R&D performed externally and expenditures for R&D performed externally by type of entity were moved to follow the internal R&D questions. All questions asking for crosscuts on the total R&D expenditures were moved to follow both internal and external R&D-related questions.
• FY 2022. The “other” category for “external performance of R&D” was split into multiple categories: nonprofit organizations, other governments (i.e., federal, federally funded research and development centers, other state governments, and local governments), and other performers not elsewhere classified. Expenditures for construction and acquisition of land and facilities was broken into internal and external. Neither one of these changes was published in the data tables.
• FY 2023. No changes were made.

Changes in reporting procedures or classification.

• FY 2018. Online reporting was replaced with a fillable PDF with automated summations and edits built into the survey instrument.
• FYs 2019–21. No changes were made.
• FY 2022. Census Bureau staff reached out to Puerto Rico agencies directly with a Spanish-language version of the fillable PDF survey form. Puerto Rico did not report data for FYs 2016 through 2021 but resumed reporting in FY 2022. Between FYs 2005 and 2016, the Puerto Rico Institute of Statistics (PRIS) conducted its own survey of R&D. Staff from the Census Bureau and NCSES worked with staff at PRIS to ensure questions relevant to the Survey of State Government R&D were consistent with those asked by the PRIS during their survey. PRIS would send agency responses to the Census Bureau and NCSES for addition into the Survey of State Government R&D. Between FYs 2016 and 2022, PRIS suspended its own survey and Census Bureau staff provided a copy of the fillable PDF survey to the Puerto Rico Coordinator to send to agencies and provide responses back to the Census Bureau. However, agencies did not respond to requests from the coordinator in Puerto Rico during this time. For the FY 2022 survey, the coordinator in Puerto Rico recommended Census Bureau staff reach out to specific agencies identified by the coordinator for survey responses.
• FY 2023. No changes were made.

Applied research. Original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily toward a specific, practical aim or objective.

Basic research. Experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.

Construction and acquisition of facilities used primarily for R&D. Includes the acquisition of, construction of, and major repairs or alterations to structures, works, equipment, facilities, or land for use in R&D activities. Construction and acquisition of land and facilities used primarily for R&D includes major costs for construction and purchase of buildings to be primarily used as R&D facilities.

Experimental development. Systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes.

Performers, extramural. Those outside the department or agency who perform R&D under the administrative oversight or control of that department or agency. This may include projects for the department or agency as well as the department’s or agency’s extramural research programs. Extramural performers include the following:

• Academic institutions. Public or private universities and colleges.
• Companies and individuals. Performers under contract for research projects or that received grants for research projects.
• Nonprofit organizations. This would include foundations.
• Other governments. Government departments and agencies; other departments or agencies within the state; other state governments; and county, city, special district, or regional local governments either within their own state or in other states.
• Other performers not elsewhere classified.

Performers, intramural. Department’s or agency’s own employees who perform R&D, which includes R&D performed by those employees and services performed by others in support of an internal R&D project (e.g., laboratory testing).

Research and development. Comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture, and society—and to devise new applications of available knowledge. Sources and examples of R&D funding include the following:

• Federal government. Grants, contracts, awards, and appropriations from the U.S. government.
• State. Appropriations from the state legislature, agricultural commodity assessments, bond funds, general funds, restricted funds, revenue funds, state grants, tobacco settlement funds, lottery proceeds, funds from other agencies within the state, and revenue from charges, fees, or fines.
• Nonprofit organizations. Includes funding from foundations.
• Nonfederal government. Funding from other state governments, county, city, regional, or other local governments.
• Businesses. Grants and contracts from companies.
• Higher education institutions. Funding from public or private universities and colleges.
• R&D employee count.
• Researchers. For example, biologists, psychologists, research scientists and engineers, primary investigators, and R&D managers.
• Technicians. Equivalent staff includes wildlife technicians, lab technicians, and field staff.
• Support staff. For example, accountants, facilities management, grant specialist, and clerical staff.
• Full-time equivalent R&D personnel. Calculated as the total working hours spent working on R&D during your state government’s fiscal year divided by the number of hours representing a full-time schedule within the same period.