Discovery: R&D Activity and Research Publications

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES)

Figure DISC-1 U.S. R&D, by performing sector: 1953–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-2 U.S. R&D, by source of funds: 1953–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-3 Total U.S. R&D expenditures, by performer sector, with long- and short-term growth rates: 1993‒2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-4 Ratio of U.S. R&D to GDP, by funding source: 1953–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-5 U.S. R&D expenditures, shares by performing sector: 1953–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-6 U.S. R&D, by type and funding source: 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-7 U.S. R&D expenditures, shares by funding sector: 1953–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-8 Total U.S. R&D expenditures, by source of funds, with long- and short-term growth rates: 1993‒2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure DISC-9 Industry share of U.S. business R&D, by top R&D-performing industries: 2019–22 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-10 Academic R&D expenditures, by source of funds: FYs 1953–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-11 Federal and nonfederal funding of academic basic research: FYs 1979–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-12 Federal and nonfederal funding of academic experimental development and applied research: FYs 2010–23 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-13 Academic R&D spending, by field: FYs 2013, 2018, and 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-14 Federally and nonfederally funded academic R&D spending, by field: FYs 2013, 2018, and 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-15 Federally financed academic R&D expenditures, by agency and field: FY 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-16 Federal obligations for research, by agency and major S&E field: FY 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Figure DISC-17 GERD and GERD-to-GDP ratio, by selected region, country, or economy: 2022 or most recent year National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure DISC-18 Gross domestic expenditures on R&D, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000–22 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure DISC-19 Share of global GERD, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000, 2010, and 2022 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure DISC-20 GERD as a share of GDP, by selected region, country, or economy: 1990–2022 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure DISC-21 Share of total R&D expenditures, by selected industry and selected region, country, or economy: 2021 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Analytical Business Enterprise Resarch and Development (ANBERD) Database

Figure DISC-22 S&E publications, by selected region, country, or economy and rest of world: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-23 Distribution of national S&E research portfolios across S&E fields, by selected region, country, or economy: 2023 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-24 Index of U.S. publications, by S&E field: 2010–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-25 U.S. business sector publications coauthored with academic, government, and foreign institutions: 2008 and 2023 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-26 S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all S&E journal articles, by selected region, country, or economy: 2006–22 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-27 S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all journal articles for selected S&E fields, by selected region, country, or economy: 2022 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Figure DISC-28 International coauthorship of S&E publications for the 15 largest producing regions, countries, or economies of S&E publications: 2023 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-29 Selected leading regions, countries, or economies with publications with international coauthors: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-30 U.S. international S&E publications with coauthor(s) from the United Kingdom and Asian countries: Selected years, 2003–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-A Domestic business R&D paid for by the company and others and performed by the company in the biotechnology focus area, by selected industry: 2018–22 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Figure DISC-B Biotechnology-related S&E articles, by selected region, country, or economy and rest of world: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-C Semiconductor-related S&E articles, by selected region, country, or economy and rest of world: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure DISC-D Semiconductors collaboration network, by selected region, country, or economy pairs: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure SADISC-1 Filtered and unfiltered publications in Scopus, by year: 2008–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure SADISC-2 Impact of removing low-quality publications from Scopus, by selected region, country, or economy: 2008–23 Elsevier Scopus

Figure SADISC-3 Impact of removing low-quality publications from Scopus, by field of science: 2008–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table DISC-1 U.S. R&D expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 2010–23 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Table DISC-2 U.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D: Selected years, 2000–23 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Table DISC-3 Domestic net sales, R&D, and R&D-to-sales ratio for companies that performed or funded U.S. business R&D, by selected industry: 2022 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Table DISC-4 U.S. business R&D performance, by source of funds: 2022 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Table DISC-5 U.S. business R&D performed, by industry and select technology focus: 2022 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Table DISC-6 Federal agency support of academic R&D spending: FYs 2013, 2018, 2022, and 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Table DISC-7 Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant, by agency: FYs 2008–24 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Table DISC-8 Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant, by agency and performer: FY 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Table DISC-9 Federal obligations for R&D, by agency and type of R&D: FY 2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Table DISC-12 S&E publications in all fields for the 15 largest producing regions, countries, or economies: 2013 and 2023 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-1 Federal and nonfederal funding of academic basic research: FYs 1979–2023 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Table SDISC-2 Higher education R&D expenditures, by R&D field: FYs 2010–23 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development Survey

Table SDISC-3 GERD, GDP, GERD-to-GDP ratio, and growth rates, by selected region, country, or economy: Selected years, 1990–2022 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Table SDISC-4 GERD for selected region, country, or economy, by performing sector and source of funds: 2022 or most recent year National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Table SDISC-5 Regions, countries, and economies in S&E publications data Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-6 S&E articles in all S&E fields, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-7 S&E articles in agricultural sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-8 S&E articles in astronomy and astrophysics, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-9 S&E articles in biological and biomedical sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-10 S&E articles in chemistry, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-11 S&E articles in computer and information sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-12 S&E articles in engineering, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-13 S&E articles in geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-14 S&E articles in health sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-15 S&E articles in materials science, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-16 S&E articles in mathematics and statistics, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-17 S&E articles in natural resources and conservation, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-18 S&E articles in physics, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-19 S&E articles in psychology, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-20 S&E articles in social sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-21 S&E articles in all S&E fields, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-22 S&E articles in agricultural sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-23 S&E articles in astronomy and astrophysics, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-24 S&E articles in biological and biomedical sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-25 S&E articles in chemistry, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-26 S&E articles in computer and information sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-27 S&E articles in engineering, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-28 S&E articles in geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-29 S&E articles in health sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-30 S&E articles in materials science, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-31 S&E articles in mathematics and statistics, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-32 S&E articles in natural resources and conservation, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-33 S&E articles in physics, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-34 S&E articles in psychology, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-35 S&E articles in social sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-36 S&E research portfolios of selected region, country, or economy, by field: 2023 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-37 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in the Scopus database, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-38 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in agricultural sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-39 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in astronomy and astrophysics, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-40 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in biological and biomedical sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-41 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in chemistry, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-42 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in computer and information sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-43 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in engineering, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-44 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-45 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in health sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-46 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in materials science, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-47 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in mathematics and statistics, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-48 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in natural resources and conservation, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-49 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in physics, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-50 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in psychology, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-51 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in social sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-52 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles and conference proceedings in computer and information sciences, fractional count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-53 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in the Scopus database, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-54 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in agricultural sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-55 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in astronomy and astrophysics, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-56 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in biological and biomedical sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-57 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in chemistry, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-58 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in computer and information sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-59 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in engineering, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-60 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-61 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in health sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-62 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in materials science, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-63 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in mathematics and statistics, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-64 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in natural resources and conservation, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-65 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in physics, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-66 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in psychology, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-67 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles in social sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-68 Share of S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles and conference proceedings in computer and information sciences, whole count, by region, country, or economy: 2002–22 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-69 S&E articles in all fields combined, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-70 Internationally coauthored S&E publications, by selected region, country, or economy pairs: 2003, 2013 and 2023 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-71 U.S. international articles with coauthor from selected countries: Selected years, 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-72 International articles from 15 largest producing regions, countries, or economies with U.S. coauthor: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-73 Semiconductor-related S&E articles by coauthorship attribute, whole and fractional counting, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-74 Internationally coauthored semiconductor articles, by selected region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-75 International collaboration network analysis for semiconductor research papers, by selected region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-76 Semiconductor-related S&E articles, by region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Table SDISC-77 Semiconductor-related articles, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

Table SDISC-78 Biotechnology-related articles, by selected region, country, or economy: 2002–23 Elsevier Scopus

World Bank World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Report Tables

Supplemental Tables

Acknowledgments and Citation

Acknowledgments

Citation