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SCIENCE & ENGINEERING INDICATORS

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The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2026

Preface
Executive Summary
Overview
STEM Talent: Education, Training, and Workforce
Discovery: R&D Activity and Research Publications
Translation to Impact: U.S. and Global Science, Technology, and Innovation Output
Conclusion
Glossary
- Definitions
- Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations
References
Notes
Acknowledgments and Citation
Supplemental Materials
- Supplemental Tables
- General Methodology
Data
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Supplemental Tables

All tables Excel & PDF Zip (633 KB)

Number Title Download View

NumberS1 S1 S&E degrees as a percentage of total degrees awarded: 2014 and 2024

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TitleS&E degrees as a percentage of total degrees awarded: 2014 and 2024

NumberS2 S2 S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

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TitleS&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

NumberS3 S3 S&E and S&E-related degrees awarded, by sex, field, and degree level: 2024

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TitleS&E and S&E-related degrees awarded, by sex, field, and degree level: 2024

NumberS4 S4 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by sex and field: 2024

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TitleS&E doctoral degrees awarded, by sex and field: 2024

NumberS5 S5 Race and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024

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TitleRace and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024

NumberS6 S6 Degrees awarded, by degree level, citizenship status, and field: 2024

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TitleDegrees awarded, by degree level, citizenship status, and field: 2024

NumberS7 S7 Size of the workforce, by occupational group: 2014–24

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TitleSize of the workforce, by occupational group: 2014–24

NumberS8 S8 Projected employment size, by occupational group: 2024 and 2034

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TitleProjected employment size, by occupational group: 2024 and 2034

NumberS9 S9 Unemployment rate, by occupational group: 2014–24

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TitleUnemployment rate, by occupational group: 2014–24

NumberS10 S10 Workers, by state, occupational group, and educational attainment: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by state, occupational group, and educational attainment: 2024

NumberS11 S11 Workers, by major industries: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by major industries: 2024

NumberS12 S12 Industries with R&D intensity higher than the average across industries: 2023

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TitleIndustries with R&D intensity higher than the average across industries: 2023

NumberS13 S13 Workers, by occupational group and industry type: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by occupational group and industry type: 2024

NumberS14 S14 Workers, by occupational group, sex, and race and ethnicity: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by occupational group, sex, and race and ethnicity: 2024

NumberS15 S15 Workers, by occupational group, place of birth, and selected region, country, or economy of origin: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by occupational group, place of birth, and selected region, country, or economy of origin: 2024

NumberS16 S16 Citizenship status of STEM workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by occupational group and educational attainment: 2023

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TitleCitizenship status of STEM workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by occupational group and educational attainment: 2023

NumberS17 S17 S&E articles in all fields combined, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–24

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TitleS&E articles in all fields combined, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–24

NumberS18 S18 U.S. international articles with coauthor from selected countries: Selected years, 2004–24

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TitleU.S. international articles with coauthor from selected countries: Selected years, 2004–24

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Product IDNSB-SEP-2026-1

PublishedMay 04, 2026

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Discovery: R&D Activity and Research Publications

STEM Talent: Education, Training, and Workforce

Translation to Impact: U.S. and Global Science, Technology, and Innovation Output

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Tables

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Report Tables

Number Title Download View

Number1 1 U.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D: Selected years, 2000–24

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TitleU.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D: Selected years, 2000–24

Number2 2 Workforce, occupational groups, and examples

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TitleWorkforce, occupational groups, and examples

Number3 3 Average and percentile student scores on the grade 8 NAEP science assessment: 2009–24

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TitleAverage and percentile student scores on the grade 8 NAEP science assessment: 2009–24

Number4 4 Median earnings of full-time, year-round workers, by educational attainment and occupational group: 2024

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TitleMedian earnings of full-time, year-round workers, by educational attainment and occupational group: 2024

Number5 5 Select characteristics of veterans and nonveterans: 2024

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TitleSelect characteristics of veterans and nonveterans: 2024

Number6 6 U.S. federal agencies cited in the funding acknowledgment section of S&E articles, by citation frequency: 2002–23

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TitleU.S. federal agencies cited in the funding acknowledgment section of S&E articles, by citation frequency: 2002–23

Number7 7 Top patenting organizations at the USPTO: 2024

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TitleTop patenting organizations at the USPTO: 2024

Supplemental Tables

Number Title Download View

NumberS1 S1 S&E degrees as a percentage of total degrees awarded: 2014 and 2024

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TitleS&E degrees as a percentage of total degrees awarded: 2014 and 2024

NumberS2 S2 S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

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TitleS&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

NumberS3 S3 S&E and S&E-related degrees awarded, by sex, field, and degree level: 2024

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TitleS&E and S&E-related degrees awarded, by sex, field, and degree level: 2024

NumberS4 S4 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by sex and field: 2024

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TitleS&E doctoral degrees awarded, by sex and field: 2024

NumberS5 S5 Race and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024

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TitleRace and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024

NumberS6 S6 Degrees awarded, by degree level, citizenship status, and field: 2024

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TitleDegrees awarded, by degree level, citizenship status, and field: 2024

NumberS7 S7 Size of the workforce, by occupational group: 2014–24

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TitleSize of the workforce, by occupational group: 2014–24

NumberS8 S8 Projected employment size, by occupational group: 2024 and 2034

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TitleProjected employment size, by occupational group: 2024 and 2034

NumberS9 S9 Unemployment rate, by occupational group: 2014–24

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TitleUnemployment rate, by occupational group: 2014–24

NumberS10 S10 Workers, by state, occupational group, and educational attainment: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by state, occupational group, and educational attainment: 2024

NumberS11 S11 Workers, by major industries: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by major industries: 2024

NumberS12 S12 Industries with R&D intensity higher than the average across industries: 2023

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TitleIndustries with R&D intensity higher than the average across industries: 2023

NumberS13 S13 Workers, by occupational group and industry type: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by occupational group and industry type: 2024

NumberS14 S14 Workers, by occupational group, sex, and race and ethnicity: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by occupational group, sex, and race and ethnicity: 2024

NumberS15 S15 Workers, by occupational group, place of birth, and selected region, country, or economy of origin: 2024

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TitleWorkers, by occupational group, place of birth, and selected region, country, or economy of origin: 2024

NumberS16 S16 Citizenship status of STEM workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by occupational group and educational attainment: 2023

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TitleCitizenship status of STEM workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by occupational group and educational attainment: 2023

NumberS17 S17 S&E articles in all fields combined, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–24

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TitleS&E articles in all fields combined, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–24

NumberS18 S18 U.S. international articles with coauthor from selected countries: Selected years, 2004–24

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TitleU.S. international articles with coauthor from selected countries: Selected years, 2004–24

Figures

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Thumbnail Number & Title Download View

Figure 1 thumbnail

U.S. R&D expenditures, by performer or funder: 1953–2024

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U.S. R&D expenditures, by performer or funder: 1953–2024

Figure 2 thumbnail

Federal obligations for research and development, top 5 agencies: FYs 2000–25

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Federal obligations for research and development, top 5 agencies: FYs 2000–25

Figure 3 thumbnail

Federal obligations for research and experimental development, by agency and performer: FY 2024

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Federal obligations for research and experimental development, by agency and performer: FY 2024

Figure 4 thumbnail

Gross domestic expenditures on R&D and R&D intensity, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000–24

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Gross domestic expenditures on R&D and R&D intensity, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000–24

Figure 5 thumbnail

S&E publications, by selected country: 2002–24

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S&E publications, by selected country: 2002–24

Figure 6 thumbnail

S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all S&E journal articles, by selected region, country, or economy: 2006–22

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S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all S&E journal articles, by selected region, country, or economy: 2006–22

Figure 7 thumbnail

S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by selected country: 2015–23

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S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by selected country: 2015–23

Figure 8 thumbnail

Workers in STEM occupations: 2000, 2009, 2019, 2024

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Workers in STEM occupations: 2000, 2009, 2019, 2024

Figure 9 thumbnail

Average student scores on the main NAEP mathematics assessment, by grade level: 1990–2024

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Average student scores on the main NAEP mathematics assessment, by grade level: 1990–2024

Figure 10 thumbnail

Degree outcomes for fall 2009 ninth graders who had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2017, by first major: June 2021

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Degree outcomes for fall 2009 ninth graders who had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2017, by first major: June 2021

Figure 11 thumbnail

S&E degrees awarded, by degree level: 2014–24

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S&E degrees awarded, by degree level: 2014–24

Figure 12 thumbnail

S&E undergraduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

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S&E undergraduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

Figure 13 thumbnail

S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

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S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024

Figure 14 thumbnail

Average scores of students in grade 8 on the TIMSS mathematics and science scales among participating advanced economies, by education system: 2023

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Average scores of students in grade 8 on the TIMSS mathematics and science scales among participating advanced economies, by education system: 2023

Figure 15 thumbnail

International S&E students on visas enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by level of enrollment: 2012–25

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International S&E students on visas enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by level of enrollment: 2012–25

Figure 16 thumbnail

International S&E graduate students on visas enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by level of enrollment and selected country of origin: 2012–25

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International S&E graduate students on visas enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by level of enrollment and selected country of origin: 2012–25

Figure 17 thumbnail

Share of S&E degrees awarded to temporary visa holders, by degree level: 2014–24

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Share of S&E degrees awarded to temporary visa holders, by degree level: 2014–24

Figure 18 thumbnail

S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by field and selected country: 2023

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S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by field and selected country: 2023

Figure 19 thumbnail

U.S. workforce, by occupational group and education level: 2024

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U.S. workforce, by occupational group and education level: 2024

Figure 20 thumbnail

STEM occupational group share of total employment, by R&D-intensive industry classification: 2024

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STEM occupational group share of total employment, by R&D-intensive industry classification: 2024

Figure 21 thumbnail

Foreign-born share of workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by highest degree level and occupational group: 2023

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Foreign-born share of workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by highest degree level and occupational group: 2023

Figure 22 thumbnail

R&D expenditures and R&D intensities, by selected region, country, or economy: 2024 or most recent year

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R&D expenditures and R&D intensities, by selected region, country, or economy: 2024 or most recent year

Figure 23 thumbnail

Share of global R&D expenditures, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000, 2010, and 2024

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Share of global R&D expenditures, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000, 2010, and 2024

Figure 24 thumbnail

Business R&D expenditures, by selected industry and selected region, country, or economy: 2022

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Business R&D expenditures, by selected industry and selected region, country, or economy: 2022

Figure 25 thumbnail

U.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D and performer or funder: 2024

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U.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D and performer or funder: 2024

Figure 26 thumbnail

U.S. business R&D expenditures, by selected manufacturing or services industry: 2023

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U.S. business R&D expenditures, by selected manufacturing or services industry: 2023

Figure 27 thumbnail

Federal obligations for R&D, by field and type of R&D: FY 2024

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Federal obligations for R&D, by field and type of R&D: FY 2024

Figure 28 thumbnail

Full-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health primarily supported by the federal government, by broad field and agency: 2024

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Full-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health primarily supported by the federal government, by broad field and agency: 2024

Figure 29 thumbnail

S&E publications, by selected country and rest of world: 2014–24

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S&E publications, by selected country and rest of world: 2014–24

Figure 30 thumbnail

S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all journal articles for selected S&E fields, by selected region, country, or economy: 2022

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S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all journal articles for selected S&E fields, by selected region, country, or economy: 2022

Figure 31 thumbnail

Total factor productivity, U.S. nonfarm business sector and information industries: 2017–24

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Total factor productivity, U.S. nonfarm business sector and information industries: 2017–24

Figure 32 thumbnail

Startup companies based on licensed university technology, by company location: 2000–24

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Startup companies based on licensed university technology, by company location: 2000–24

Figure 33 thumbnail

Citations of U.S. academic S&E articles in USPTO utility patents, by S&E field of the articles cited: 2024

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Citations of U.S. academic S&E articles in USPTO utility patents, by S&E field of the articles cited: 2024

Figure 34 thumbnail

USPTO utility patents granted to owners, by nationality and U.S. sector: 2004–24

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USPTO utility patents granted to owners, by nationality and U.S. sector: 2004–24

Figure 35 thumbnail

International priority patent families granted, by technology and selected country or economy: 2024

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International priority patent families granted, by technology and selected country or economy: 2024

Figure 36 thumbnail

U.S. companies reporting product or business process innovation, by selected industry: 2020–22

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U.S. companies reporting product or business process innovation, by selected industry: 2020–22

Figure 37 thumbnail

Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in selected regions, countries, or economies: 2013–24

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Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in selected regions, countries, or economies: 2013–24

Figure 38 thumbnail

Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in the United States, by critical and emerging technology: 2013–24

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Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in the United States, by critical and emerging technology: 2013–24

Figure 39 thumbnail

Industry share of U.S. total KTI value added, by selected industries: 2002–24

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Industry share of U.S. total KTI value added, by selected industries: 2002–24

Figure 40 thumbnail

KTI industry value added for selected countries or economies: 2002–24

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KTI industry value added for selected countries or economies: 2002–24

Figure 41 thumbnail

Gross exports of KTI manufacturing industries for selected countries: 2002–24

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Gross exports of KTI manufacturing industries for selected countries: 2002–24

Figure A thumbnail

Semiconductors collaboration network, by selected region, country, or economy pairs: 2002–24

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Semiconductors collaboration network, by selected region, country, or economy pairs: 2002–24

Data Sources

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All (.xlsx 11 KB)

Item Title Provider Product

Figure 1 U.S. R&D expenditures, by performer or funder: 1953–2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure 2 Federal obligations for research and development, top 5 agencies: FYs 2000–25 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Figure 3 Federal obligations for research and experimental development, by agency and performer: FY 2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Figure 4 Gross domestic expenditures on R&D and R&D intensity, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000–24 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure 4 Gross domestic expenditures on R&D and R&D intensity, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000–24 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure 5 S&E publications, by selected country: 2002–24 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Figure 6 S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all S&E journal articles, by selected region, country, or economy: 2006–22 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Figure 7 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by selected country: 2015–23 Provider Product Government of India, Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education All India Survey on Higher Education

Figure 7 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by selected country: 2015–23 Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China Higher Education Data

Figure 7 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by selected country: 2015–23 National Bureau of Statistics of China China Statistical Yearbook

Figure 7 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by selected country: 2015–23 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Education at a Glance

Figure 8 Workers in STEM occupations: 2000, 2009, 2019, 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Figure 9 Average student scores on the main NAEP mathematics assessment, by grade level: 1990–2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics National Assessment of Educational Progress

Figure 10 Degree outcomes for fall 2009 ninth graders who had enrolled in postsecondary education by 2017, by first major: June 2021 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics High School Longitudinal Study of 2009

Figure 11 S&E degrees awarded, by degree level: 2014–24 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Figure 11 S&E degrees awarded, by degree level: 2014–24 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Figure 12 S&E undergraduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Figure 13 S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Figure 13 S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Figure 14 Average scores of students in grade 8 on the TIMSS mathematics and science scales among participating advanced economies, by education system: 2023 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

Figure 15 International S&E students on visas enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by level of enrollment: 2012–25 Provider Product U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)

Figure 16 International S&E graduate students on visas enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by level of enrollment and selected country of origin: 2012–25 Provider Product U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)

Figure 17 Share of S&E degrees awarded to temporary visa holders, by degree level: 2014–24 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Figure 17 Share of S&E degrees awarded to temporary visa holders, by degree level: 2014–24 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Figure 18 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by field and selected country: 2023 Provider Product Government of India, Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education All India Survey on Higher Education

Figure 18 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by field and selected country: 2023 Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China Higher Education Data

Figure 18 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by field and selected country: 2023 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Education at a Glance

Figure 19 U.S. workforce, by occupational group and education level: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Figure 20 STEM occupational group share of total employment, by R&D-intensive industry classification: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Figure 21 Foreign-born share of workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by highest degree level and occupational group: 2023 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Survey of College Graduates

Figure 22 R&D expenditures and R&D intensities, by selected region, country, or economy: 2024 or most recent year Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure 22 R&D expenditures and R&D intensities, by selected region, country, or economy: 2024 or most recent year Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure 23 Share of global R&D expenditures, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000, 2010, and 2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure 23 Share of global R&D expenditures, by selected region, country, or economy: 2000, 2010, and 2024 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Science and Technology Indicators

Figure 24 Business R&D expenditures, by selected industry and selected region, country, or economy: 2022 Provider Product Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Analytical Business Enterprise Resarch and Development (ANBERD) Database

Figure 25 U.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D and performer or funder: 2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Figure 26 U.S. business R&D expenditures, by selected manufacturing or services industry: 2023 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Figure 27 Federal obligations for R&D, by field and type of R&D: FY 2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development

Figure 28 Full-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health primarily supported by the federal government, by broad field and agency: 2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Figure 29 S&E publications, by selected country and rest of world: 2014–24 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Figure 30 S&E publications in the top 1% most-cited journal articles as a share of all journal articles for selected S&E fields, by selected region, country, or economy: 2022 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Figure 31 Total factor productivity, U.S. nonfarm business sector and information industries: 2017–24 Provider Product Bureau of Labor Statistics Productivity Statistics

Figure 32 Startup companies based on licensed university technology, by company location: 2000–24 Provider Product AUTM AUTM Licensing Activity Survey

Figure 33 Citations of U.S. academic S&E articles in USPTO utility patents, by S&E field of the articles cited: 2024 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Figure 33 Citations of U.S. academic S&E articles in USPTO utility patents, by S&E field of the articles cited: 2024 United States Patent and Trademark Office PatentsView

Figure 34 USPTO utility patents granted to owners, by nationality and U.S. sector: 2004–24 Provider Product United States Patent and Trademark Office PatentsView

Figure 35 International priority patent families granted, by technology and selected country or economy: 2024 Provider Product European Patent Office PATSTAT

Figure 36 U.S. companies reporting product or business process innovation, by selected industry: 2020–22 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Annual Business Survey

Figure 37 Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in selected regions, countries, or economies: 2013–24 Provider Product PitchBook Venture Capital and Private Equity Database

Figure 38 Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in the United States, by critical and emerging technology: 2013–24 Provider Product PitchBook Venture Capital and Private Equity Database

Figure 39 Industry share of U.S. total KTI value added, by selected industries: 2002–24 Provider Product S&P Global Comparative Industry Service

Figure 40 KTI industry value added for selected countries or economies: 2002–24 Provider Product S&P Global Comparative Industry Service

Figure 41 Gross exports of KTI manufacturing industries for selected countries: 2002–24 Provider Product S&P Global Comparative Industry Service

Figure A Semiconductors collaboration network, by selected region, country, or economy pairs: 2002–24 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Table 1 U.S. R&D expenditures, by type of R&D: Selected years, 2000–24 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Patterns of R&D Resources

Table 3 Average and percentile student scores on the grade 8 NAEP science assessment: 2009–24 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics National Assessment of Educational Progress

Table 4 Median earnings of full-time, year-round workers, by educational attainment and occupational group: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table 5 Select characteristics of veterans and nonveterans: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table 6 U.S. federal agencies cited in the funding acknowledgment section of S&E articles, by citation frequency: 2002–23 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Table 7 Top patenting organizations at the USPTO: 2024 Provider Product United States Patent and Trademark Office PatentsView

Table S1 S&E degrees as a percentage of total degrees awarded: 2014 and 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Table S1 S&E degrees as a percentage of total degrees awarded: 2014 and 2024 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Table S2 S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Table S2 S&E graduate degrees awarded, by field: 2014 and 2024 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Table S3 S&E and S&E-related degrees awarded, by sex, field, and degree level: 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Table S4 S&E doctoral degrees awarded, by sex and field: 2024 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Table S5 Race and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Table S5 Race and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Table S5 Race and ethnicity of U.S. resident population, ages 20–34, and U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E award recipients, by degree level: 2024 U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program

Table S6 Degrees awarded, by degree level, citizenship status, and field: 2024 Provider Product National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Completions Survey

Table S6 Degrees awarded, by degree level, citizenship status, and field: 2024 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Survey of Earned Doctorates

Table S7 Size of the workforce, by occupational group: 2014–24 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S8 Projected employment size, by occupational group: 2024 and 2034 Provider Product Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections

Table S9 Unemployment rate, by occupational group: 2014–24 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S10 Workers, by state, occupational group, and educational attainment: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S11 Workers, by major industries: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S12 Industries with R&D intensity higher than the average across industries: 2023 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey

Table S12 Industries with R&D intensity higher than the average across industries: 2023 U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S13 Workers, by occupational group and industry type: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S14 Workers, by occupational group, sex, and race and ethnicity: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S15 Workers, by occupational group, place of birth, and selected region, country, or economy of origin: 2024 Provider Product U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Table S16 Citizenship status of STEM workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, by occupational group and educational attainment: 2023 Provider Product National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics National Survey of College Graduates

Table S17 S&E articles in all fields combined, by coauthorship attribute and selected region, country, or economy: 2002–24 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus

Table S18 U.S. international articles with coauthor from selected countries: Selected years, 2004–24 Provider Product Elsevier Scopus